Zhi Fu Zi
StarAconitum carmichaelii Debx.
Synonyms: 蜀附, Shu Fu, 川附子, Chuan Fu Zi, 黑附子, Hei Fu Zi, 附片, Fu Pian
Traditionally used for
- Colds & fever
- Digestion
- Bowel health
- Urinary & fluids
- Fertility & vitality
- Nerves & recovery
- Pain & joints
- Heart & circulation
Cautions & contraindications
- Pregnancy
- Heart conditions
- Toxic — professional use only
☯ TCM Properties
Rescues Devastated Yang from Collapse; Tonifies Kidney Yang; Dispels Cold and Alleviates Pain
Traditional Chinese Uses
Zhi Fu Zi (制附子) is the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Ranunculaceae), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata. It is acrid and sweet and hot and toxic, entering the Heart, Kidney and Spleen channels. It rescues devastated Yang from collapse, tonifies Kidney Yang, and dispels Cold to alleviate pain. It is described as the most warming and most swiftly moving substance in the materia medica.
Its emergency use is Yang collapse — cold limbs, a faint thready pulse on the point of expiring, profuse cold sweat and mental clouding — where it heads Si Ni Tang with Gan Jiang and Gan Cao. In chronic use it warms Kidney and Spleen Yang for aversion to cold, cold painful lower back and knees, dawn diarrhoea, impotence and oedema from Yang deficiency, and it relieves the deep, fixed, cold pain of Wind-Cold-Damp painful obstruction.
Only the processed drug is used, and the processing is what makes it usable. Steaming and boiling hydrolyse the diester alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine to far less toxic monoester and amine forms. Fu Zi must be decocted first, on its own, for 30 to 60 minutes or longer before the other herbs are added, and the decoction should no longer numb the tongue. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and in Yin deficiency with Heat, and by the classical eighteen incompatibilities it is not combined with Ban Xia, Gua Lou, Bei Mu, Bai Lian or Bai Ji. Overdose presents as tongue and limb numbness, nausea, then cardiac arrhythmia and respiratory failure.
Western Herbalism Properties
Used In Formulas (8)
Relationships
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Botanical Description
Aconitum carmichaelii (the daughter root processed for use is Fu Zi, also written Zhi Fu Zi; the raw daughter root is Sheng Fu Zi and the raw mother root is Chuan Wu) is a perennial herb in the Ranunculaceae family, growing 60 to 150 centimeters tall from a paired tuberous root system consisting of a parent tuber and one or more lateral daughter tubers. Stems are erect, sometimes finely pubescent in the upper portion, bearing alternate, palmately divided leaves whose blades are 6 to 11 centimeters across with three to five deeply incised, pointed lobes. The striking inflorescences are terminal racemes of helmet-shaped blue-purple flowers 3 to 4 centimeters long, the uppermost sepal forming a tall hood characteristic of the genus. The follicles are erect, 1.5 to 1.8 centimeters long, containing winged seeds. Native to central, southern, and eastern China and naturalized in parts of East Asia, Aconitum carmichaelii is highly toxic in its raw state; only the rigorously processed roots are used clinically, traditionally prepared by prolonged soaking, boiling, and steaming with adjuncts to hydrolyze toxic diester diterpene alkaloids.
Active Constituents
Aconitine
Diester diterpenoid alkaloid (C19-norditerpenoid)Concentration: Raw lateral root approximately 184 mg/kg, falling to approximately 0.45 mg/kg after 90 minutes of steaming. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia caps the sum of aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine in Hei Shun Pian and Bai Fu Pian at 0.020 percent.
The principal toxin of the drug and the reason Fu Zi cannot be used raw. It binds neurotoxin site 2 of the voltage-gated sodium channel and holds the channel in the activated state, producing persistent depolarisation, early and delayed afterdepolarisations, and bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Reported human toxic dose is around 0.2 mg and the lethal dose 2-5 mg by mouth; there is no antidote and the resulting ventricular tachyarrhythmia is frequently refractory to resuscitation. Processing is what converts this molecule into a usable drug.
Mesaconitine
Diester diterpenoid alkaloid (C19-norditerpenoid)Concentration: Raw lateral root approximately 736 mg/kg, falling to approximately 0.47 mg/kg after 90 minutes of steaming
Usually the most abundant of the three diester alkaloids in the raw lateral root and, with aconitine, the main driver of cardiotoxicity. It shares the same sodium-channel-opening mechanism and the same hydrolytic vulnerability at the C-8 acetyl ester.
Hypaconitine
Diester diterpenoid alkaloid (C19-norditerpenoid)Concentration: Raw lateral root approximately 830 mg/kg, falling to approximately 3.84 mg/kg after 90 minutes of steaming
The third of the pharmacopoeial diester markers and, in several processing studies, the slowest of the three to hydrolyse. It is therefore the alkaloid most likely to persist in under-processed or under-boiled material, and is a useful indicator of inadequate preparation.
Benzoylaconine
Monoester diterpenoid alkaloidConcentration: Raw lateral root approximately 15.7 mg/kg, rising to approximately 145 mg/kg after 90 minutes of steaming. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia requires the sum of benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine and benzoylhypaconine to be not less than 0.010 percent.
The C-8 deacetylated product of aconitine and the first stage of the detoxification cascade. Monoester alkaloids are reported to carry roughly one two-hundredth to one five-hundredth of the toxicity of their diester parents, an approximately three-order-of-magnitude reduction, while retaining analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Their rise is the analytical signature that processing has worked.
Benzoylmesaconine
Monoester diterpenoid alkaloidConcentration: Typically the most abundant monoester alkaloid in commercial processed slices
The dominant alkaloid marker of correctly processed Fu Zi and the one usually assayed for potency. It is also the alkaloid whose intestinal permeability was shown to rise when processed aconite was combined with Fritillaria, which is the mechanistic core of one classical incompatibility.
Aconine
Amino-alcohol (amine) diterpenoid alkaloidConcentration: Formed only under prolonged or intensified hydrolysis, after the C-14 benzoyl ester also cleaves
The endpoint of full hydrolysis, reported at roughly one two-thousandth to one four-thousandth of the toxicity of the diester parent. Its accumulation marks over-processing as much as safety: driving the reaction this far strips the analgesic monoester fraction along with the toxins, which is why processing protocols aim at a window rather than at maximum hydrolysis.
Higenamine (dl-demethylcoclaurine)
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloidConcentration: Trace constituent; heat-stable and not destroyed by the processing that removes the diester alkaloids
A dual beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist and the constituent originally identified as the cardiotonic principle of Aconitum. It is largely responsible for the positive inotropic and chronotropic effect that underlies the drug's use in yang collapse and heart failure. It has been on the WADA Prohibited List as a beta-2 agonist since 2017, banned in and out of competition.
Salsolinol
Tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloidConcentration: Trace
A second non-diterpenoid alkaloid contributing to the positive inotropic activity of the processed drug. Like higenamine it survives processing, so the cardiotonic and the cardiotoxic fractions of Fu Zi are chemically distinct and respond differently to heat.
⚠ Drug Interactions
Amiodarone, flecainide, lidocaine, sotalol and other class I and class III antiarrhythmics
Aconitine-type diester alkaloids are sodium-channel openers, the pharmacological opposite of a class I blocker, and the arrhythmia they cause is triggered and catecholamine-sensitive rather than re-entrant. Aconite poisoning produces bradyarrhythmia, nodal tachycardia, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, intraventricular block and ventricular fibrillation; ventricular tachyarrhythmia occurs in roughly 18 percent of poisoned patients and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia and asystole are the leading causes of death. Of 31 patients admitted to Hong Kong public hospitals with aconite root poisoning between 1989 and 1991, two died of ventricular arrhythmia, and in reported fatal cases ventricular tachycardia progressed to fibrillation and cardiac arrest refractory to resuscitation within 12 hours of ingestion. There is no antidote; amiodarone and flecainide have been used with variable success and no agent is reliably effective.
Clinical note: Do not prescribe alongside antiarrhythmic therapy outside specialist supervision. Warn every patient that perioral or limb numbness, tingling, nausea, dizziness or palpitations mean stopping the decoction immediately and going to an emergency department; those are the prodrome of aconitine cardiotoxicity, not side effects to work through.
QT-prolonging drugs (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, antipsychotics, ondansetron, methadone, tricyclic antidepressants)
Aconitine and mesaconitine prolong action potential duration and provoke early and delayed afterdepolarisations in cardiac myocytes. Adding a drug that independently delays repolarisation increases the probability that a subclinical residual alkaloid load becomes a sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia. The interaction is additive pharmacodynamic proarrhythmia rather than a metabolic one, so it does not require the two exposures to peak together.
Clinical note: Review the full medication list, including short courses such as azithromycin or levofloxacin, before dispensing. Check electrolytes, since hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia compound both effects, and consider deferring the aconite-containing formula until the QT-prolonging course is finished.
Digoxin and other cardiac glycosides
Digoxin inhibits the sodium-potassium ATPase and raises intracellular calcium; aconitine-type alkaloids force sodium channels open and raise intracellular sodium, which drives calcium in through the sodium-calcium exchanger. The two converge on calcium overload and delayed afterdepolarisations from different directions. The toxic presentations also overlap closely (nausea, vomiting, visual and sensory disturbance, ventricular ectopy, bidirectional ventricular tachycardia), so a clinician can attribute early aconitine toxicity to digoxin and lose time.
Clinical note: Treat as a combination to avoid. If it is unavoidable, it belongs under cardiology supervision with ECG monitoring, and any new arrhythmia should be worked up for both causes rather than assumed to be glycoside toxicity.
Ban Xia (Pinellia ternata)
One of the five drugs named in the classical shi ba fan (eighteen incompatibilities) rhyme as opposing the Aconitum group, and for this genus the classical rule has a real pharmacological basis rather than only a textual one. Ge and colleagues (2024) showed in rats that Pinellia ternata alters cytochrome P450 activity and thereby the metabolism of the toxic Aconitum compounds, with the incompatibility attributed to increased absorption of those compounds in vivo. Neither herb is acutely toxic at its own dose; the hazard is created by the pairing.
Clinical note: Avoid the combination. Both herbs are common enough that the pairing appears in modern prescriptions despite the classical prohibition, so audit the whole formula rather than only the aconite dose.
Bei Mu (Fritillaria cirrhosa, Fritillaria thunbergii and related species)
Another of the shi ba fan five, and the best mechanistically characterised of them. When processed aconite root was combined with Fritillaria bulb, the aconite marker benzoylmesaconine showed higher intestinal permeability; Fritillaria inhibited both P-glycoprotein function and P-glycoprotein expression, with the alkaloids peimine, peimisine and imperialine identified as the inhibiting constituents. The classical incompatibility here reads as an efflux-transporter interaction that increases how much alkaloid reaches the circulation from the same oral dose.
Clinical note: Avoid. This pairing is a particular trap in cough formulae, where Bei Mu is routine and an aconite-containing base formula may be prescribed concurrently by a different practitioner.
Gua Lou (Trichosanthes kirilowii), Bai Lian (Ampelopsis japonica) and Bai Ji (Bletilla striata)
The remaining three drugs of the shi ba fan Aconitum group, completing the classical set of Ban Xia, Gua Lou, Bei Mu, Bai Lian and Bai Ji. None is toxic on its own, but experimental work reports that the cardiotoxicity of Hei Shun Pian increases when it is combined with these five drugs. The mechanistic detail for these three is thinner than for Pinellia and Fritillaria, so this should be treated as a classical prohibition with supporting rather than conclusive modern pharmacology.
Clinical note: Observe the classical prohibition. The pharmacological picture is incomplete, but the downside of an unnecessary combination is a refractory ventricular arrhythmia, which is not a risk worth taking on incomplete evidence.
Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti, the mother root of this same species), Cao Wu (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii), or raw unprocessed Fu Zi supplied in place of the processed drug
Zhi Fu Zi is the lateral (daughter) root, processed. Chuan Wu is the mother root of the same plant and Cao Wu is Aconitum kusnezoffii; both carry the same diester alkaloids and are separately dosed drugs. Prescribing them together stacks diester exposure while each individual dose looks acceptable. Hong Kong surveillance attributed herb-induced aconitine poisonings principally to Chuan Wu and Cao Wu used for musculoskeletal complaints, and identified larger-than-recommended dose and inadequate processing as the main determinants of risk. Substitution of raw for processed material collapses the entire safety margin: raw lateral root carries aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine at hundreds of mg/kg, against a pharmacopoeial ceiling of 0.020 percent (200 mg/kg) for the sum of all three in the processed slice.
Clinical note: Sum the aconite-type drugs across the whole prescription rather than checking each in isolation. Confirm the supplied material is a pharmacopoeial processed grade (Yan Fu Zi, Hei Shun Pian, Bai Fu Pian, Pao Fu Pian or Dan Fu Zi) with a certificate showing total diester alkaloids not exceeding 0.020 percent, and reject uncharacterised slices.
Aromatic herbs added late in the decoction (Bo He, Sha Ren, Mu Xiang) or any co-formulation that shortens the total boil
The diester-to-monoester hydrolysis that detoxifies aconite continues in the pot, so how long the formula is boiled determines how much diester alkaloid the patient actually swallows. Diester alkaloid concentration in the aqueous extract falls rapidly in the first phase of decoction and stabilises at a low level only after about 4 hours, with monoester alkaloid content peaking between 4 and 6 hours. Standard practice is therefore to boil the aconite slices for 1-2 hours before the rest of the formula is added. Any instruction that shortens the boil, including combining aconite in a single pot with volatile aromatics that are conventionally added in the last few minutes, undermines that. Surveillance of herb-induced aconitine poisoning identifies excess dose and inadequate processing or preparation as the two determinants of poisoning, and notes that patients need to be able to follow the decoction instructions at home.
Clinical note: Write staged decoction instructions explicitly: boil the aconite slices alone for at least 1-2 hours, then add the remaining herbs, and add volatile aromatics only at the end. Confirm the patient can actually do this before dispensing; a patient who boils everything together for 20 minutes has taken a different and more dangerous drug than the one prescribed. Never dispense aconite as a powder, tincture or cold-infusion preparation, which bypass hydrolysis entirely.
Beta-adrenoceptor blockers
Higenamine, the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid responsible for much of the positive inotropic effect, is a dual beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist and is heat-stable, so it survives the processing that destroys the diester alkaloids. A beta-blocker will blunt the cardiotonic action that is the point of the herb in yang-collapse and heart-failure indications, and conversely the herb supplies a low-level beta-agonist stimulus to a patient in whom beta-blockade is the therapeutic goal.
Clinical note: Expect reduced apparent efficacy in beta-blocked patients rather than a safety event. Separately, higenamine has been on the WADA Prohibited List as a beta-2 agonist since 2017, prohibited both in and out of competition, so this herb should not be given to a drug-tested athlete.
Dosage
| Form | Amount | Frequency | Duration | Population | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| decoction | 3–15 g | — | — | — | ChP 2020. Pre-decocted (先煎) 30–60 min. ChP recognises the processing grades Yanfuzi 盐附子, Heishunpian 黑顺片, Baifupian 白附片, Paofupian 炮附片 and Danfupian 淡附片; 蜀附 / Shu Fu is a Sichuan (Jiangyou) origin epithet for this same drug, not a separate article. |
Dui Yao — Herb Pairs
The classical two-herb combinations this herb appears in, each with an action neither herb has alone.
Warming yang and dispelling cold-damp combined with strengthening the Spleen and drying dampness, which relieves cold-damp aching of the body and joints.
Wind-cold-damp painful obstruction with heavy aching body. Aconite is toxic; processed root only.
Core pair of a classical formula — Bai Zhu Fu Zi Tang, Jin Gui Yao Lue (Zhang Zhongjing)
Hot acrid warming paired with cold purging: the combination expels cold accumulation from the interior while the heat of the aconite overrides the cold nature of rhubarb (warm purgation).
Cold accumulation constipation with hypochondriac or abdominal pain and cold limbs. Aconite is toxic; use processed root only, properly decocted; contraindicated in pregnancy.
Core pair of a classical formula — Da Huang Fu Zi Tang, Jin Gui Yao Lue (Zhang Zhongjing)
Aconite rescues and restores yang throughout the body while dried ginger warms the middle; together they strongly restore devastated yang, and the ginger is said to increase aconite's warming while reducing its toxicity.
Yang collapse with cold limbs, faint pulse and diarrhoea with undigested food. Aconite is toxic; use processed root only, properly decocted; contraindicated in pregnancy.
Core pair of a classical formula — Si Ni Tang, Shang Han Lun (Zhang Zhongjing)
Warming the channels and unblocking yang combined with scattering wind-cold, which relieves painful obstruction from wind-cold-damp.
Wind-damp bi with severe body aches unable to turn. Aconite is toxic; processed root only.
Core pair of a classical formula — Gui Zhi Fu Zi Tang, Shang Han Lun (Zhang Zhongjing)
The combination releases the exterior while warming and supporting the yang, addressing an exterior cold invasion in a patient with underlying yang deficiency.
Shaoyin constitution with exterior cold: chills, slight fever, deep pulse. Fu Zi must be properly prepared.
Core pair of a classical formula — Ma Huang Xi Xin Fu Zi Tang, Shang Han Lun (Zhang Zhongjing)
Original qi is powerfully tonified while yang is restored, rescuing collapse of yang qi.
Emergency use for cold limbs, profuse cold sweat and faint pulse; stop once the condition stabilises.
Core pair of a classical formula — Shen Fu Tang, Zheng Ti Lei Yao (Xue Ji)
Two hot herbs that together warm and tonify Kidney yang and guide fire back to its source, more strongly warming the life-gate fire than either alone.
Kidney yang deficiency with cold limbs, sore lower back and impotence. Both are contraindicated in pregnancy and yin deficiency with heat.
Core pair of a classical formula — You Gui Wan, Jing Yue Quan Shu (Zhang Jingyue)
Leaching dampness and easing the sinews combined with warming yang and dispelling cold, which relieves cold-damp obstruction and pain.
Chest bi with cold-damp causing intermittent severe pain. Aconite is toxic; use processed root only.
Core pair of a classical formula — Yi Yi Fu Zi San, Jin Gui Yao Lue (Zhang Zhongjing)
Warms yang and disperses cold-dampness while resolving jaundice, turning a cold herb toward yin-type jaundice.
Yin-type (dull, smoky yellow) jaundice from cold-dampness. Fu Zi is toxic and requires proper processing and decoction.
Core pair of a classical formula — Yin Chen Zhu Fu Tang, Yi Xue Xin Wu (Cheng Guopeng)
Evidence Tier
Moderate evidence · 6 studiesRecorded studies by study design, strongest design at the top. This is a study-design tier only, not a GRADE rating: it does not weigh risk of bias, consistency or precision.
Systematic review / meta-analysis
0
Randomized controlled trial
0
Other clinical trial
0
Observational / case report
1
0 verified · 1 unverified
Show the study
In vitro / animal
4
1 verified · 3 unverified
Show 4 studies
- Investigation of the drug-drug interaction and incompatibility mechanism between Aconitum carmichaelii Debx and Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit
- Studies on the Incompatibility between Bulbus fritillariae and Radix aconiti praeparata Based on the P-gp
- Ester Hydrolysis Differentially Reduces Aconitine-Induced Anti-hypersensitivity and Acute Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Spinal Microglial Dynorphin Expression and Implications for Aconitum Processing
- Quantification and Simplified Detoxification Investigation on Fuzi, Root of Aconitum carmichaelii
Other / unclassified
1
1 verified · 0 unverified
Verified: design read from PubMed for a DOI that resolves to the cited paper Unverified: taken from the study's recorded description
Clinical Studies
Efficacy and Safety of Fuzi Formulae on the Treatment of Heart Failure as Complementary Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of High-Quality Randomized Controlled Trials
Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials in which formulae containing processed Aconitum carmichaelii lateral root were added to conventional heart failure therapy. The pooled trials reported improvement in clinical efficacy measures alongside standard treatment. The evidence base is drawn almost entirely from Chinese-language trials with heterogeneous formulae in which Fuzi is one ingredient among several, so the result supports Fuzi-containing formulae as adjuncts rather than establishing an effect of the single herb.
Incidence of Herb-Induced Aconitine Poisoning in Hong Kong
Surveillance of accidental aconitine poisoning admitted to Hong Kong public hospitals, undertaken to assess whether publicity measures aimed at herbalists and the public reduced incidence. Thirty-one patients were treated for aconite root poisoning between 1989 and 1991 with two deaths from ventricular arrhythmia; across the longer reporting period 30 cases with three fatalities were recorded. The exposures were principally Chuan Wu and Cao Wu prescribed for musculoskeletal complaints, and the identified determinants of poisoning were excess dose and inadequate processing or preparation of the decoction.
Investigation of the drug-drug interaction and incompatibility mechanism between Aconitum carmichaelii Debx and Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit
Rat pharmacokinetic and enzyme study of the classical Aconitum-Pinellia incompatibility. Pinellia ternata altered cytochrome P450 activity and consequently the metabolism of the toxic Aconitum alkaloids, with the incompatibility attributed to increased in vivo absorption of those compounds. This is the strongest mechanistic support for treating the shi ba fan prohibition on this pair as a real pharmacological interaction rather than only a textual convention.
Studies on the Incompatibility between Bulbus fritillariae and Radix aconiti praeparata Based on the P-gp
Transport and expression study of the Aconitum-Fritillaria incompatibility. Combined with Fritillaria bulb, the processed aconite alkaloid benzoylmesaconine showed higher intestinal permeability; Fritillaria inhibited both the function and the expression of P-glycoprotein, with peimine, peimisine and imperialine identified as the inhibiting alkaloids. The finding gives the classical prohibition a specific efflux-transporter mechanism.
Ester Hydrolysis Differentially Reduces Aconitine-Induced Anti-hypersensitivity and Acute Neurotoxicity: Involvement of Spinal Microglial Dynorphin Expression and Implications for Aconitum Processing
Rodent comparison of aconitine with its hydrolysis products. Ester hydrolysis reduced acute neurotoxicity far more than it reduced antinociceptive activity, so the diester-to-monoester conversion achieved by processing separates the therapeutic effect from the toxic one rather than simply weakening the drug. The study provides the pharmacological rationale for why correctly processed Fu Zi can retain analgesic activity while losing most of its lethality.
Quantification and Simplified Detoxification Investigation on Fuzi, Root of Aconitum carmichaelii
Analytical study of a simplified detoxification protocol. After boiling for 8 minutes, soaking and rinsing four times over 24 hours, steaming for 3 hours and drying at 60 degrees Celsius for 7.5 hours, hypaconitine and aconitine in the processed slices fell below the limit of detection. The paper is useful chiefly for putting concrete times and temperatures on what processing has to achieve.
⚠ Rule-Based Cautions
These entries come from the deterministic rule tables that gate Verscienta's formula tools — classical pair prohibitions, pregnancy and lactation contraindications, and dose ceilings.
Incompatibilities (十八反 / 十九畏)
- 十八反: Wu Tou × Ban Xia — avoid combining with Ban Xia / Pinellia (pair accepted when both members are processed)
- 十八反: Wu Tou × Gua Lou — avoid combining with Gua Lou / Trichosanthes / Tian Hua Fen
- 十八反: Wu Tou × Bei Mu — avoid combining with Bei Mu / Fritillaria / Chuan Bei / Zhe Bei
- 十八反: Wu Tou × Bai Lian — avoid combining with Bai Lian / Ampelopsis
- 十八反: Wu Tou × Bai Ji — avoid combining with Bai Ji / Bletilla
Pregnancy
Avoid toxic aconite
Breastfeeding
Avoid toxic to infant
Dose Ceiling
≤15g — prepared aconite 3–15g and must be pre-decocted; higher risks toxicity
Historical Texts
Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Divine Husbandman's Classic of Materia Medica)
Eastern Han dynasty, compiled c. 200 CEShang Han Lun (Treatise on Cold Damage Disorders), Zhang Zhongjing
Eastern Han dynasty, c. 200-220 CELei Gong Pao Zhi Lun (Master Lei's Treatise on Drug Processing), attributed to Lei Xiao
Southern and Northern Dynasties, c. 5th century CERu Men Shi Qin (Confucians' Duties to Their Parents), Zhang Congzheng
Jin dynasty, c. 1228Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica), Li Shizhen
Ming dynasty, 1596References
- Chan TYK. Aconite poisoning . Clinical Toxicology (2009) [DOI]
- Chan YT, Wang N, Feng Y. The toxicology and detoxification of Aconitum: traditional and modern views . Chinese Medicine (2021) [DOI]
- Wu Z, Qian J, Feng C, Chen Z, Gao X, Liu Y, et al.. A review of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (Fuzi) for kidney disease: phytochemistry, toxicology, herbal processing, and pharmacology . Frontiers in Pharmacology (2024) [DOI]
- He G, Wang X, Liu W, Li Y, Shao Y, Liu W, et al.. Chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, toxicology, processing and compatibility of Fuzi (lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx): A review . Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023) [DOI]
- Wang M, Hu WJ, Zhou X, Yu K, Wang Y, Yang BY, et al.. Ethnopharmacological use, pharmacology, toxicology, phytochemistry, and progress in Chinese crude drug processing of the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. (Fuzi): A review . Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2023) [DOI]
- Gao X, Hu J, Zhang X, Zuo Y, Wang Y, Zhu S. Research progress of aconitine toxicity and forensic analysis of aconitine poisoning . Forensic Sciences Research (2018) [DOI]
- Zhang J, Li D, Zhong D, Zhou Q, Yin Y, Gao J, et al.. Processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.: A review of cardiotonic effects and cardiotoxicity on molecular mechanisms . Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022) [DOI]
- Wang KT, Lee MC, Chuang WC. Survey of Aconitum Alkaloids to Establish an Aconitum carmichaeli (Fu-Zi) Processing Procedure and Quality Index . Chemistry (2025) [DOI]
- Hudzik TJ, Patel M, Brown A. β2-Adrenoceptor agonist activity of higenamine . Drug Testing and Analysis (2021) [DOI]
This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any herbal remedy, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, or taking medications.
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